Showing posts with label ENGINEERING. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ENGINEERING. Show all posts

Strange & Remarkable College Degrees

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While almost everyone agrees that earning a degree can be very important for both economic and personal success, there is a lot of debate over which degrees are the best. And often the the least popular degrees can be the most rewarding, again, both economically and personally.

Students are lined up to get their MBA degree, with its promise of a big paycheck. However, possessing one of the remarkable and unusual college degrees on this list could also lead to financial success. Quite a few of them are unusual and unusual enough that competition in their respective fields is minimal.

The definition of the word remarkable is “unusual” and “worthy of notice”. The degrees listed here are “unusual college degrees”, because their focus of study is unusual, they are not offered at many schools, or most people don’t even know the degree exists.



Taxation



Paying taxes is annoying but it is definitely here to stay, so if you pursue a degree in taxation you will most likely always have a job. A degree in taxation provides you with in-depth knowledge of the taxation system, usually much more than an experienced lawyer would know. This degree allows you to work with people and organizations that regularly need their taxes done. In essence, every company and individual you can call to mind. While this degree isn’t uncommon by numbers, the number of things you can do with it trumps so many other careers that it makes specializing in taxation priceless.

But, you will most likely have friends who have ulterior motives (free tax advice) or few friends who don’t like being reminded they have to pay taxes every year.


Radiologic Sciences



As of mid 2009, only 34 colleges in the United States offered Bachelor’s degrees in Radiologic Sciences (centralfloridafuture.com). As a result, most Associate degree holders are treated with the same deference as someone with a four-year degree. A Radiologist’s job can seem simple at times – reading x-rays. Yet, becoming a master in this field awards the practitioner permission to administer radiation treatment to help patients deal with injuries and diseases.


Archeology



Archeologists get to travel the globe, search for unseen artifacts, and unearth strange grounds when they’re not roaming through secret caves as though they’re Lara Croft from Tomb Raider. Earning a degree in Archeology requires a great level of training and field work, but the rewards can be off the charts. Being able to discover 10,000 year old fossils, then taking such finds to the world’s largest museums with their name attached is every Archeologist’s grandest dream. These people help preserve the earth’s history while having the opportunity to make each day a load of fun. With the degree being popular but still rarely acquired in the US, the chance to become a real-life Indiana Jones is still very much up for grabs.

But, usually this is a low paying job and often you are trying to convince someone or some organization to grant you money. Like Indiana, you probably should have a second job for financial stability.


Oriental Medicine/Herbology



Illustration of a botany discussion Hortus Sanitatis, 1491
In our modern consumer culture, which values the newest trends, it seems like most people hardly want anything to do with things that are old. Scientists use technology and new research data to come up with new leads in medicine, but did you know some “new” discoveries are also based on the evolution and synthesis of ancient medicinal practices? Many of the alleged revolutionary health products on the market today are made from herb extracts and ancient medical practices.

In other words, an Oriental Medicine major knows how to make you healthy without needing modern medicine. To this date, Herbology degrees are only slightly rarer than your standard medicine degrees, but perhaps that could be related to an excess of people flocking to where the money’s at, instead of where the world’s health could be.


Nanotechnology



Nanotechnology is the art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devices. People with this degree are not only trained to observe and study objects that are too small for the human eye to see, but they also learn how to build revolutionary products from the ground up: new technologies, new infrastructure—even talking robots.

Nanotechnologists help create a cleaner planet, easier lives, and nearly anything else they can think of to make the world a better place. From uncovering how many bedbugs secretly nest within your bed, to knowing what is required to launch a rocket into space, opportunities for Nanotechnologists always remain plentiful. The only strange thing is that though technology claims to be the way of the future, you’d be hard-pressed to find more than a dozen places in the US where you can obtain a quality degree in Nanotechnology.




Blacksmithing



Nowadays this career is more often found in video games than in the real world. Blacksmiths can tune different metals (usually iron or steel) to create unique and original items: gates, furniture, tools, knives, swords. But the true magic of blacksmithing can happen when one transitions into “Artist Blacksmithing.” This art form allows the creation of custom-made decorations, ornaments, and some rather fine jewelry. Think of what could happen if a good blacksmith teams up with a pro jeweler. Ca-ching! Herefordshire College of Art & Design and Southern Illinois University currently offers the degree.


Aromatherapy





The smell of something can be just as infectious as the sight, and someone skilled at aromatherapy can work miracles. Aromatherapists can create a concoction of different scents to produce many desired results. Great aromas can change a mood just as easily as a hit song. But the beauty of an Aromatherapist is that they provide therapy which can improve the health and well-being of patients. On the more extravagant side of things, aromatherapists also play a big part in the introduction of things such as new perfume lineups. So exactly how rare is a degree in aromatherapy? Both Napier University and The University of Westminster currently have the program disguised under a different name: “BSC in Complementary Therapies”. Perhaps they are trying to put potential students off the scent.


Global Governance



This degree teaches students about politics, sociality, humanity, philosophy, economy, and world conflict. Basically, this degree provides you with the knowledge and skills you need to run a country upon graduation. This degree isn’t as rare as many of the others on this list, but it’s rare enough that you’re not usually allowed to purse a degree in Global Governance without already having a Bachelor’s degree in a related field. With the extra benefits this degree carries, such as the capacity to comprehend various cultures and aid humankind, this degree can truly help someone imprint a solid legacy across the globe.


Comedy Studies



“Ha ha ha.”

“What’s so funny?”

“I have a degree in Comedy.”

“You’re right, that IS funny.”

The first degree in Comedy was awarded in mid 2009 by Southampton Solent Univeristy. From the course description: “On this highly innovative and exciting degree you will examine comedy through both production and performance. Comedy will be studied as a media industry in its own right as well as how humour and jokes occur in everyday life.”

Majors in this field are going to be the only ones laughing when aspiring professional comedians discover that they may have to break through an additional educational barrier should they want to find success. Laughter will always be the best medicine.


Enigmatology



How would you feel if you were the only person in the world who had a particular degree? Yep, just you; no one else. That’s how Will Shortz probably feels as he remains the only graduate with a degree in Enigmatology from Indiana University since 1974. Enigmatology deals with the creation and solution of puzzles. If you think this degree isn’t much, then you really aren’t thinking. Should anyone ever master the field of Enigmatology that person could surpass the greatest philosophers who have walked the earth. The average mind is indeed a terrible thing to waste, so what happens should someone find a way to maximize every portion of it?

World....Past & Present

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and the best....one....



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Good things to know ?????

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[1] If you are right handed, you will tend to chew your food on the right side of your mouth. If you are left handed, you will tend to chew your food on the left side of your mouth.

[2] To make half a kilo of honey, bees must collect nectar from over 2 million individual flowers

[3] Heroin is the brand name of morphine once marketed by 'Bayer'.

[4] Communications giant Nokia was founded in 1865 as a wood-pulp mill by Fredrik Idestam.

[5] Tourists visiting Iceland should know that tipping at a restaurant is considered an insult! In America tipping is forced upon customer at 15 to 18%.

[6] People in nudist colonies play volleyball more than any other sport.

[7] Albert Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952, but he declined.

[8] Astronauts can't belch - there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.

[9] Ancient Roman, Chinese and German societies often used urine as mouthwash.

[10] The average person who stops smoking requires one hour less sleep a night.

[11] The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. In the Renaissance era, it was fashion to shave them off!

[12] Because of the speed at which Earth moves around the Sun, it is impossible for a solar eclipse to last more than 7 minutes and 58 seconds.

[13] The night of January 20 is "Saint Agnes's Eve", which is regarded as a time when a young woman dreams of her future husband.

[14] There are over 25 million bubbles waiting to burst out of each bottle of Champagne

[15] Google is actually the common name for a number with a million zeros

[16] It takes glass one million years to decompose, which means it never wears out and can be recycled an infinite amount of times!

[17] The heat of peppers is rated on the Scoville scale

[18] Gold is the only metal that doesn't rust, even if it's buried in the ground for thousands of years

[19] Your tongue is the only muscle in your body that is attached at only one end

[20] If you stop getting thirsty, you need to drink more water. When a human body is dehydrated, its thirst mechanism shuts off.

[21] Each year 2,000,000 smokers either quit smoking or die of tobacco-related diseases.

[22] When it originally appeared in 1886 - Coca Cola was billed as an Esteemed Brain Tonic and Intellectual Beverage.

[23] Zero is the only number that cannot be represented by Roman numerals

[24] Kites were used in the American Civil War to deliver letters and newspapers.

[25] The song, Auld Lang Syne, is sung at the stroke of midnight in almost every English-speaking country in the world to bring in the new year.

[25] For every real Christmas tree harvested, two to three seedlings are planted in its place.

[26] Drinking water after eating reduces the acid in your mouth by 61 percent

[27] Peanut oil is used for cooking in submarines because it doesn't smoke unless it's heated above 450°F

[28] The Shell Oil Company originally began as a novelty shop in London that sold seashells

[29] The roar that we hear when we place a seashell next to our ear is not the ocean, but rather the sound of blood surging through the veins in the ear.

[30] Nine out of every 10 living things live in the ocean

[31] The banana cannot reproduce itself. It can be propagated only by the hand of man

[32] Airports at higher altitudes require a longer airstrip due to lower air density

[33] Fish and Chip selling officially remained an offensive trade until 1940 due to the smell it produces

[34] The University of Alaska spans four time zones

[35] The tooth is the only part of the human body that cannot heal itself.

[36] In ancient Greece, tossing an apple to a girl was a traditional proposal of marriage. Catching it meant she accepted.

[37] Do you know the names of the three wise monkeys? They are: Mizaru (See no evil), Mikazaru (Hear no evil) and Mazaru (Speak no evil).

[38] Warner Communications paid $28 million for the copyright to the song Happy Birthday.

[39] Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair.

[40] A comet's tail always points away from the sun

[41] The Swine Flu vaccine in 1976 caused more death and illness than the disease it was intended to prevent

[42] Caffeine increases the power of aspirin and other painkillers, that is why it is found in some medicines.

[43] The military salute is a motion that evolved from medieval times, when knights in armor raised their visors to reveal their identity.

[44] If you get into the bottom of a well or a tall chimney and look up, you can see stars, even in the middle of the day.

[45] When a person dies, hearing is the last sense to go. The first sense lost is sight
  
[46] Trivia in Roman mythology was the goddess who haunted crossroads, graveyards and was the goddess of sorcery and witchcraft. She wandered about at night, and was seen only by the barking of dogs who told of her approach.

[47] In ancient times strangers shook hands to show that they were unarmed

[48] Strawberries are the only fruits whose seeds grow on the outside

[49] Avocados have the highest calories of any fruit at 167 calories per hundred grams

[50] It cost the soft drink industry $100 million a year for thefts committed involving vending machines

[51] The moon moves about two inches away from the Earth each year

[52] The Earth gets 100 tons heavier every day due to falling space dust

[53] Due to earth's gravity it is impossible for mountains to be higher than 15,000 meters

[54] Men's shirts have the buttons on the right, but women's shirts have the buttons on the left

[55] Mickey Mouse is known as "Topolino" in Italy

[56] Soldiers do not march in step when going across bridges because they could set up a vibration which could be sufficient to knock the bridge down

[57] The painting that won second place in a competition held by the US National Academy of Design was hanging upside down when it was judged

[58] Everything weighs one percent less at the equator

[59] For every extra kilogram carried on a space flight, 530 kg of excess fuel are needed at lift-off

[60] The letter J does not appear anywhere on the periodic table of the elements.
 

Difference Between Bacteria and Virus

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 1. Viruses are the smallest and simplest life form known. They are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria.

2. The biggest difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses must have a living host - like a plant or animal - to multiply, while most bacteria can grow on non-living surfaces.

3. Bacteria are intercellular organisms(i.e. they live in-between cells); whereas viruses are intracellular organisms (they infiltrate the host cell and live inside the cell). They change the host cell's genetic material from its normal function to producing the virus itself.

4. There are some useful bacteria but all viruses are harmful.

5. Antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses.

6. An example of a disease caused by bacteria is strep throat and an example of an affliction caused by a virus is the flu.

Top 10 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World

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Top 10 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World


Here’s a list of most expensive stadiums in the world. In the world of sports, the stadium is a very important element. Some club teams or even to spend money to several hundred billion just to build a stadium that big and majestic. They do not hesitate to spend a lot of money to build a stadium that big and grand, because with a big stadium, will be able to accommodate so many spectators will also indirectly provide positive for the club in terms of both technical and financial aspects.






10. ANZ Stadium – Sydney, Australia ($ 624 million)









9. Safeco Field – Seattle, USA ($ 656 million)









8. Lucas Oil Stadium – Indianapolis, USA ($ 675 million)








7. Soldier Field – Chicago, USA ($ 714 million)








6. The Emirates Stadium – London, England ($ 770 million)








5. Roger Center – Toronto, Canada ( $ 930 million)








4. State de France – Paris, France ( $ 974 million)







3. Madison square garden – New York, USA ($ 1.1 billion)








2. Olympic Stadium – Montreal, Canada ($ 1.4 billion)







1. Wembley Stadium – London, England ($ 1.5 billion)


Basics of Household Electrical Wiring Video Tutorials | 467MB

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Basics of Household Electrical Wiring Video Tutorials | 467MB
Description:

The Basics of Household Wiring is the only program of its kind. It s an illustrated training program designed to teach you electrical wiring techniques in a faster, more effective way.

Just some of the complex wiring challenges we will teach you on this DVD include: Service Panels and Breakers, Wires, Cables and Gauges,Rough-In Wiring, Switches, Receptacles, Lights, Safety and Testing, Special Wiring Situations, Voltage, Watts, Amps, Three-Way switches and more...

Owning this DVD will give you the opportunity to watch wiring procedures over and over again until you ve mastered them. We provide diagrams and show you how electricity flows through your newly wired situation. The Basics of Household Wiring will jump start your confidence and teach you the professional secrets to this challenging field of home improvement.



Topics include:
Quote:

01--Basics_of_Electricity.avi
02--Service_Panels.avi
03--Grounding.avi
04--Circuit_Breakers.avi
05--Household_Wiring.avi
06--Understanding_Amperage.avi
07--Short_Circuits.avi
08--Amps,_Volts_and_Watts.avi
09--Rough-In_Wiring.avi
10--Safety_and_Testing.avi
11--Electrical_Outlets.avi
12--Replacing_a_Recptacle.avi
13--Middle-of-Run_Receptacles.avi
14--Two-Gang_Receptacles.avi
15--GFCIs.avi
16--AFCIs.avi
17--Switches.avi
18--Three-Way_Switches.avi
19--Four-Way_Switches.avi
20--Switch-Controlling_Receptacle.avi
21--Switch_Loop.avi
22--Switch_Loop_Controlling_Half_a_Receptacle.avi
23--Light_Fixtures.avi
24--Electrical_Tape.avi
25--Conclusion.avi

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/844104061/pkb.Basics.of.Household.Wiring.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/844309301/pkb.Basics.of.Household.Wiring.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/844377731/pkb.Basics.of.Household.Wiring.part3.rar

Autodesk AutoCAD 2010 Video Tutorials

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http://rapidshare.com/files/362044134/01.Introduction.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362044136/02.AutoCAD_2009.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362280834/03.Basic_Drawing_Skills.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362280836/04.Working_with_Objects.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362293616/05.Organization___Inquiry.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362293617/06.Altering_Objects.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362303640/07.Working_with_Layouts.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362303641/08.Annotation.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362303642/10.Hatching.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362346975/11.Reusable_Content.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362346976/12.Additional_Drawing_Objects.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362353000/13.Plotting_Drawings.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362353004/14.Drawing_Templates_-_DWT.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/362353005/15.Wrap_Up.rar

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MS Project Video Tutorials & Setup

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Microsoft Project (or MSP) is a project management software program developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist project managers in developing plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analyzing workloads.

The application creates critical path schedules, although critical chain and event chain methodology third-party add-ons are available. Schedules can be resource leveled, and chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Project can recognize different classes of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters and fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users.



Includes
  1.  Ms Project Lec & Pre. e.g Getting Started with MS Project,Working with Tasks,WBS,Network Diagrams,Critical Path
  2. Project Management  Lec & Pre. e.g Resource Levelling,Construction Fundamentals,Total Quality Approach,Risk Management




or 



Download Ms Project 2007 Essential Trainings

MS Project 2007 Tutorials (Essential Training Videos)
Covering everything from the basics of project management to the ins and outs of integrating Project 2007 with other Office applications, Project 2007 Essential Training is a comprehensive and valuable course. Instructor Lorna A. Daly teaches users how to work with Project 2007 to best analyze and manage business ventures of any scope. She explains how to organize resources and assign work, how to streamline processes and resolve project conflicts, and how to customize and optimize Project 2007 for future tasks. Exercise files accompany the tutorials.

Download Ms Project Tutorials Free
Download Ms Project Essential Trainings

VIDEO TUTORIALS FOR MS PROJECT 2007
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2WnwPI2FL0&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT_zdPkS6Mk&feature=player_embedded

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ueBUz117cs&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ancKfW5tfm4&feature=player_embedded

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UA65OfFQ1D0&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Beg8QwfDTps&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5w7ziq6-K0M&feature=player_embedded

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National Geographic: Mega-structures - MASSIVE COLLECTION

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egaStructures is a documentary television series appearing on the National Geographic Channel and Five in the United Kingdom, on France 5 in France and on 7mate in Australia.

Each episode is an educational look of varying depth into the construction, operation, and staffing of various structures or construction projects, but not ordinary construction products.

Generally containing interviews with designers and project managers, it presents the problems this involved the or products that are now in general use within the construction industry.

MegaStructures focuses on constructions that are extreme; in the sense that they are the biggest, tallest, longest, or deepest in the world. Alternatively, a project may appear if it had an element of novelty or are a world first (such as Dubai's Palm Islands). This type of project is known as a Megaproject.

The series follows similar subjects as the History Channel's Modern Marvels and Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering; covering areas of architecture, transport, construction and manufacturing.




---Season 1---

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/840980781/Megastructures.s01e01ae01.U.S.S..Ronald.Reagan.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/841581101/Megastructures.s01e01ae01.U.S.S..Ronald.Reagan.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/836546741/Megastructures.s01e02ae02.Autobahn.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/836735321/Megastructures.s01e02ae02.Autobahn.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/842121651/Megastructures.s01e03ae03.The.Channel.Tunnel.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/842536051/Megastructures.s01e03ae03.The.Channel.Tunnel.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/837013851/Megastructures.s01e04ae04.Sears.Tower.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/837085061/Megastructures.s01e04ae04.Sears.Tower.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/837379841/Megastructures.s01e05ae05.Kansai.International.Airport.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/837893611/Megastructures.s01e05ae05.Kansai.International.Airport.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/838253921/Megastructures.s01e06ae06.Akashi.Kaikyo.Bridge.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/838450101/Megastructures.s01e06ae06.Akashi.Kaikyo.Bridge.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/838718481/Megastructures.s01e07ae07.Itaipu.Dam.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/838861021/Megastructures.s01e07ae07.Itaipu.Dam.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/839181021/Megastructures.s01e08ae08.Petronas.Towers.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/839602561/Megastructures.s01e08ae08.Petronas.Towers.part2.rar
...just lose 4 seconds to write THANKS, and I'll upload more!!!




---Season 2---

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/757476251/Megastructures.s02e01ae10.Golden.Gate.Bridge.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/756737911/Megastructures.s02e01ae10.Golden.Gate.Bridge.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/757482191/Megastructures.s02e03ae12.Inside.The.Pentagon.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/756738501/Megastructures.s02e03ae12.Inside.The.Pentagon.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758605711/Megastructures.s02e04ae13.World's.Busiest.Port.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/757445191/Megastructures.s02e04ae13.World's.Busiest.Port.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758198931/Megastructures.s02e05ae14.Tau.Tona.-.City.Of.Gold.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/757467481/Megastructures.s02e05ae14.Tau.Tona.-.City.Of.Gold.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/817263731/Megastructures.s02e06ae15.Las.Vegas.Special.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758603471/Megastructures.s02e06ae15.Las.Vegas.Special.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758279981/Megastructures.s02e07ae16.Black.Gold.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758262681/Megastructures.s02e07ae16.Black.Gold.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758741311/Megastructures.s02e07ae16.Black.Gold.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758905151/Megastructures.s02e08ae17.Ekati.Diamond.Mine.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758329531/Megastructures.s02e08ae17.Ekati.Diamond.Mine.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758825091/Megastructures.s02e08ae17.Ekati.Diamond.Mine.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758378861/Megastructures.s02e09ae18.Sea.Launch.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758977791/Megastructures.s02e09ae18.Sea.Launch.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758445371/Megastructures.s02e10ae19.North.Sea.Wall.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758983351/Megastructures.s02e10ae19.North.Sea.Wall.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758443611/Megastructures.s02e11ae20.The.World’s.Most.Extreme.Island.(Impossible.Islands).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/817152931/Megastructures.s02e11ae20.The.World’s.Most.Extreme.Island.(Impossible.Islands).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759052791/Megastructures.s02e11ae20.The.World’s.Most.Extreme.Island.(Impossible.Islands).part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758581501/Megastructures.s02e13ae22.Port.Of.Rotterdam.(Super.Port).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758438621/Megastructures.s02e13ae22.Port.Of.Rotterdam.(Super.Port).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758737411/Megastructures.s02e14ae23.Mega.Plane.(Air.Force.Transport).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758581451/Megastructures.s02e14ae23.Mega.Plane.(Air.Force.Transport).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758687311/Megastructures.s02e15ae24.North.Branch.Correctional.Institution.(Hi-Tech Prison).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758724081/Megastructures.s02e15ae24.North.Branch.Correctional.Institution.(Hi-Tech Prison).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759153241/Megastructures.s02e15ae24.North.Branch.Correctional.Institution.(Hi-Tech Prison).part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758744891/Megastructures.s02e16ae25.Airbus.A380.(World's.Biggest.Airliner).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758659331/Megastructures.s02e16ae25.Airbus.A380.(World's.Biggest.Airliner).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758810551/Megastructures.s02e17ae26.U.S.S..Virginia.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758827901/Megastructures.s02e17ae26.U.S.S..Virginia.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758853781/Megastructures.s02e17ae26.U.S.S..Virginia.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759181311/Megastructures.s02e17ae26.U.S.S..Virginia.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758828561/Megastructures.s02e17ae26.U.S.S..Virginia.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758893851/Megastructures.s02e18ae27.Ultimate.Vegas.Casino.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758912381/Megastructures.s02e18ae27.Ultimate.Vegas.Casino.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759239251/Megastructures.s02e19ae28.The.Ultimate.Roller.Coaster.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758890211/Megastructures.s02e19ae28.The.Ultimate.Roller.Coaster.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/817148461/Megastructures.s02e20ae29.Spy.Fortress.-.NORAD.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758912371/Megastructures.s02e20ae29.Spy.Fortress.-.NORAD.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759042921/Megastructures.s02e21ae30.Berlin.Train.Terminal(Berlin’s.Grand.Central).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/817144561/Megastructures.s02e21ae30.Berlin.Train.Terminal(Berlin’s.Grand.Central).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759081731/Megastructures.s02e22ae31.Boston's.Big.Dig.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/758978011/Megastructures.s02e22ae31.Boston's.Big.Dig.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759348011/Megastructures.s02e23ae32.Ultimate.Oil.Rigs.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759107531/Megastructures.s02e23ae32.Ultimate.Oil.Rigs.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759024961/Megastructures.s02e23ae32.Ultimate.Oil.Rigs.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759153601/Megastructures.s02e25ae34.World's.Tallest.Bridge.(Millau.Bridge).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759115701/Megastructures.s02e25ae34.World's.Tallest.Bridge.(Millau.Bridge).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759160921/Megastructures.s02e26ae35.Mega.Ship.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759201681/Megastructures.s02e26ae35.Mega.Ship.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759144691/Megastructures.s02e26ae35.Mega.Ship.part3.rar
...just lose 4 seconds to write THANKS, and I'll upload more!!!




---Season 3---

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759226041/Megastructures.s03e01ae36.Berlin.Wall.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759153391/Megastructures.s03e01ae36.Berlin.Wall.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759234071/Megastructures.s03e02ae37.Impossible.Bridges.-.Greece.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759277061/Megastructures.s03e02ae37.Impossible.Bridges.-.Greece.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759271661/Megastructures.s03e02ae37.Impossible.Bridges.-.Greece.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759274331/Megastructures.s03e02ae37.Impossible.Bridges.-.Greece.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759268041/Megastructures.s03e02ae37.Impossible.Bridges.-.Greece.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759329861/Megastructures.s03e03ae38.Impossible.Bridges.-.Denmark.To.Sweden.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759277311/Megastructures.s03e03ae38.Impossible.Bridges.-.Denmark.To.Sweden.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759488851/Megastructures.s03e04ae39.Hoover.Dam.Reinvented.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759333601/Megastructures.s03e04ae39.Hoover.Dam.Reinvented.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759492181/Megastructures.s03e05ae40.Inside.The.Real.NCIS.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759317651/Megastructures.s03e05ae40.Inside.The.Real.NCIS.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759393961/Megastructures.s03e06ae41.Garbage.Mountain.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759374491/Megastructures.s03e06ae41.Garbage.Mountain.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759461071/Megastructures.s03e07ae42.Machines.of.War.-.Tanks.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759388561/Megastructures.s03e07ae42.Machines.of.War.-.Tanks.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/783977161/Megastructures.s03e08ae43.Supertanker.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/759538051/Megastructures.s03e08ae43.Supertanker.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/783970391/Megastructures.s03e09ae44.Machines.of.War.-.Cruise.Missile.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/783977211/Megastructures.s03e09ae44.Machines.of.War.-.Cruise.Missile.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/783984601/Megastructures.s03e09ae44.Machines.of.War.-.Cruise.Missile.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/783984671/Megastructures.s03e09ae44.Machines.of.War.-.Cruise.Missile.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/783929261/Megastructures.s03e09ae44.Machines.of.War.-.Cruise.Missile.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784059201/Megastructures.s03e10ae45.Science.Of.Steel.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784624061/Megastructures.s03e10ae45.Science.Of.Steel.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784707521/Megastructures.s03e12ae47.Machines.of.War.-.Guns.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784660371/Megastructures.s03e12ae47.Machines.of.War.-.Guns.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784768711/Megastructures.s03e13ae48.Panama.Canal.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784794351/Megastructures.s03e13ae48.Panama.Canal.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784808031/Megastructures.s03e13ae48.Panama.Canal.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784843991/Megastructures.s03e13ae48.Panama.Canal.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784848591/Megastructures.s03e13ae48.Panama.Canal.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784918911/Megastructures.s03e14ae49.Science.Of.Brick.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784837661/Megastructures.s03e14ae49.Science.Of.Brick.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784933641/Megastructures.s03e15ae50.Science.Of.Concrete.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784859531/Megastructures.s03e15ae50.Science.Of.Concrete.part2.rar
...just lose 4 seconds to write THANKS, and I'll upload more!!!

---Season 4---

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784985141/Megastructures.s04e01ae52.World's.Tallest.Hotel.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784979211/Megastructures.s04e01ae52.World's.Tallest.Hotel.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784853121/Megastructures.s04e01ae52.World's.Tallest.Hotel.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786309551/Megastructures.s04e02ae53.Ice.Hotel.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/784945721/Megastructures.s04e02ae53.Ice.Hotel.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786352531/Megastructures.s04e03ae54.World.Island.Wonder.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786384501/Megastructures.s04e03ae54.World.Island.Wonder.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786375221/Megastructures.s04e03ae54.World.Island.Wonder.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786411201/Megastructures.s04e04ae55.Super.Pipeline.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786357211/Megastructures.s04e04ae55.Super.Pipeline.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/799018061/Megastructures.s04e05ae56.Hawaii.Super.Ferry.avi.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/798957931/Megastructures.s04e05ae56.Hawaii.Super.Ferry.avi.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786436431/Megastructures.s04e06ae57.Sinking.An.Aircraft.Carrier.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786411291/Megastructures.s04e06ae57.Sinking.An.Aircraft.Carrier.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786488911/Megastructures.s04e07ae58.Extreme.Bridge.Demolition.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786441421/Megastructures.s04e07ae58.Extreme.Bridge.Demolition.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786523261/Megastructures.s04e08ae59.747.Destruction.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786564921/Megastructures.s04e08ae59.747.Destruction.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786478051/Megastructures.s04e08ae59.747.Destruction.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786574521/Megastructures.s04e09ae60.Beijing.Water.Cube.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786516401/Megastructures.s04e09ae60.Beijing.Water.Cube.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786618611/Megastructures.s04e10ae61.Shanghai.Super.Tower.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786564871/Megastructures.s04e10ae61.Shanghai.Super.Tower.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786656481/Megastructures.s04e11ae62.China's.Ultimate.Port.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786655741/Megastructures.s04e11ae62.China's.Ultimate.Port.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786602911/Megastructures.s04e11ae62.China's.Ultimate.Port.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786713531/Megastructures.s04e12ae63.World's.Biggest.Casino.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786629581/Megastructures.s04e12ae63.World's.Biggest.Casino.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786758771/Megastructures.s04e13ae64.Icelandic.Super.Dam.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786683611/Megastructures.s04e13ae64.Icelandic.Super.Dam.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786779511/Megastructures.s04e14ae65.Beijing.Olympic.Stadium.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786726331/Megastructures.s04e14ae65.Beijing.Olympic.Stadium.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786808351/Megastructures.s04e15ae66.Atom.Smasher.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786830651/Megastructures.s04e15ae66.Atom.Smasher.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786804291/Megastructures.s04e15ae66.Atom.Smasher.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786926861/Megastructures.s04e16ae67.Impossible.Bridges.-.China.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786834951/Megastructures.s04e16ae67.Impossible.Bridges.-.China.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786998631/Megastructures.s04e17ae68.Ultimate.Sub.(USS.Texas).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787066661/Megastructures.s04e17ae68.Ultimate.Sub.(USS.Texas).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786987601/Megastructures.s04e17ae68.Ultimate.Sub.(USS.Texas).part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787082431/Megastructures.s04e18ae69.Man-Made.Sun.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/786931551/Megastructures.s04e18ae69.Man-Made.Sun.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787151011/Megastructures.s04e19ae70.SMART.Tunnel.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787161801/Megastructures.s04e19ae70.SMART.Tunnel.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787098161/Megastructures.s04e19ae70.SMART.Tunnel.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787180241/Megastructures.s04e20ae71.Future.Trains.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787197491/Megastructures.s04e20ae71.Future.Trains.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787114901/Megastructures.s04e20ae71.Future.Trains.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787220761/Megastructures.s04e22ae73.Dubai's.Dream.Palace.(Burj.Al-Arab).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787166491/Megastructures.s04e22ae73.Dubai's.Dream.Palace.(Burj.Al-Arab).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787452021/Megastructures.s04e23ae74.Train.Wreck.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787226111/Megastructures.s04e23ae74.Train.Wreck.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787461691/Megastructures.s04e24ae75.Building.Green.Beijing.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787235861/Megastructures.s04e24ae75.Building.Green.Beijing.part2.rar
...just lose 4 seconds to write THANKS, and I'll upload more!!!






---Season 5---

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787499531/Megastructures.s05e01ae76.Dam.Busters.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787510781/Megastructures.s05e01ae76.Dam.Busters.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787452061/Megastructures.s05e01ae76.Dam.Busters.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787521331/Megastructures.s05e02ae77.Miami_Super_Stadium.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787615411/Megastructures.s05e02ae77.Miami_Super_Stadium.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787521701/Megastructures.s05e02ae77.Miami_Super_Stadium.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787621651/Megastructures.s05e03ae78.Grand.Canyon.Skywalk.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787664831/Megastructures.s05e03ae78.Grand.Canyon.Skywalk.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787650081/Megastructures.s05e03ae78.Grand.Canyon.Skywalk.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787680141/Megastructures.s05e04ae79.Soviet.Doomsday.Sub.720p.hdtv.x264.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787691731/Megastructures.s05e04ae79.Soviet.Doomsday.Sub.720p.hdtv.x264.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787849951/Megastructures.s05e04ae79.Soviet.Doomsday.Sub.720p.hdtv.x264.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787844671/Megastructures.s05e04ae79.Soviet.Doomsday.Sub.720p.hdtv.x264.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787766921/Megastructures.s05e04ae79.Soviet.Doomsday.Sub.720p.hdtv.x264.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787886091/Megastructures.s05e06ae81.Electric.Ocean.720p-dhd.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787891611/Megastructures.s05e06ae81.Electric.Ocean.720p-dhd.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787912641/Megastructures.s05e06ae81.Electric.Ocean.720p-dhd.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787962411/Megastructures.s05e06ae81.Electric.Ocean.720p-dhd.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/787937781/Megastructures.s05e06ae81.Electric.Ocean.720p-dhd.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788013961/Megastructures.s05e07ae82.Ultimate.Chopper.(Super.Helicopters).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788104651/Megastructures.s05e07ae82.Ultimate.Chopper.(Super.Helicopters).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788017881/Megastructures.s05e07ae82.Ultimate.Chopper.(Super.Helicopters).part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788129371/Megastructures.s05e08ae83.Icebreaker.720p.HDTV.x264-DMZ.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788138161/Megastructures.s05e08ae83.Icebreaker.720p.HDTV.x264-DMZ.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788167841/Megastructures.s05e08ae83.Icebreaker.720p.HDTV.x264-DMZ.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788220771/Megastructures.s05e08ae83.Icebreaker.720p.HDTV.x264-DMZ.part4.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788164791/Megastructures.s05e08ae83.Icebreaker.720p.HDTV.x264-DMZ.part5.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788254911/Megastructures.s05e11ae86.Ultimate.Skyscraper.NYC.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788201701/Megastructures.s05e11ae86.Ultimate.Skyscraper.NYC.part2.rar
...just lose 4 seconds to write THANKS, and I'll upload more!!!




---Extra Episodes---

Code:
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788279591/Megastructures.America's.Biggest.Dig.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788258361/Megastructures.America's.Biggest.Dig.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788308131/Megastructures.Deep.Earth.Drillers.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788254921/Megastructures.Deep.Earth.Drillers.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788356651/Megastructures.Deep.Ocean.Port.(Yangshan.Port).part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788308831/Megastructures.Deep.Ocean.Port.(Yangshan.Port).part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788392351/Megastructures.Deep.Sea.Drillers.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788313641/Megastructures.Deep.Sea.Drillers.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788443601/Megastructures.Earthquake.Glasshouse.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788386191/Megastructures.Earthquake.Glasshouse.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788465041/Megastructures.Megafactories.Harley.Davidson.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788415931/Megastructures.Megafactories.Harley.Davidson.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788502871/Megastructures.Money.Factory.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788518303/Megastructures.Money.Factory.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788487781/Megastructures.Money.Factory.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788930503/Megastructures.Power.Tower.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788935251/Megastructures.Power.Tower.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788492591/Megastructures.Power.Tower.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788965381/Megastructures.QM2.Superliner.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788978611/Megastructures.QM2.Superliner.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788506923/Megastructures.QM2.Superliner.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788997281/Megastructures.Queen.Mary.2.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788992241/Megastructures.Queen.Mary.2.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/788960301/Megastructures.Queen.Mary.2.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789044271/Megastructures.Rock.Eaters.Of.Iceland.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789065621/Megastructures.Rock.Eaters.Of.Iceland.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789035611/Megastructures.Rock.Eaters.Of.Iceland.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789088891/Megastructures.South.Pole.Station.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789042071/Megastructures.South.Pole.Station.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789102171/Megastructures.Steam.Drillers.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789129201/Megastructures.Steam.Drillers.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789068561/Megastructures.Steam.Drillers.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789157931/Megastructures.The.Impossible.Build.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789191411/Megastructures.The.Impossible.Build.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789113121/Megastructures.The.Impossible.Build.part3.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789211071/Megastructures.The.World's.Biggest.Shredder.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789169171/Megastructures.The.World's.Biggest.Shredder.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789246201/Megastructures.Vegas.Demolition.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789191541/Megastructures.Vegas.Demolition.part2.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789378411/Megastructures.World.Trade.Center.Bahrain.part1.rar
http://www.filesonic.com/file/789224311/Megastructures.World.Trade.Center.Bahrain.part2.rar
...just lose 4 seconds to write THANKS, and I'll upload more!!!

200 Questions and Answers on Practical Civil Engineering Works - ROAD (2)

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6. What is the importance of air void content in bituminous pavements?

The air void content of bituminous materials is an important control parameter for the quality of bitumen being laid and compacted. If the air void content is too high, it allows for intrusion of air and water. Moreover, it also increases the rate of hardening of binders which produce premature embrittlement of pavements. 

In addition, too high a void content will also lead to differential compaction subject to traffic loads and result in formation of ruts and grooves along the wheel track.

However, a minimum amount of air void should be maintained to avoid instability during compaction process and to provide space for bitumen flow in long-term consolidation under traffic loads. 

A sufficient amount of air voids should be designed to make room for expansion of binder in summer and compaction by road traffic as suggested by National Association of Australian State Road Authorities (1968), otherwise bleeding and loss of stability may occur and the pavement will deform readily under severe loads.

7. In concrete pavement, why is the requirement of 95% by mass of quartz grains are specified in contract?


In General Specification of Civil Engineering Works (1992 Edition), in Clause 10.09 it states “Fine aggregate for concrete shall be natural river-deposited sand consisting of at least 95% by mass of quartz grains”. The aim of such specification is to control the quality
of river sand. As quartz is a durable and hard material, using a high percentage of quartz in aggregates of concrete can enhance the strength and durability of the surface texture of concrete carriageway.

In addition, such specification requires a high percentage of quartz content, thereby reducing the probability of presence of impurities like shell.

8. What is the load transfer mechanism for paving blocks in pedestrian footway?

Foot-way is normally designed with paving slabs/interlocking blocks instead of concrete because the extensive use of concrete in pavement is boring. Moreover, poor appearance will result in concrete pavement due to frequently trench openings for utility work. In addition, owing to the prolonged setting and curing time of concrete, the use of concrete pavement inevitably generates disturbance to the general public.

The pedestrian loads are taken up through the following ways:
 
  • Load carrying capacity of paving slabs/interlocking blocks are derived from their individual strength;
  • Pedestrian loads are also supported by interlocking forces provided by friction  transfer through the sand in vertical joints (K. K. Tang & Robert P. Cooper (1986)).

9. What is the function of a sand layer underlying paving slab/interlocking blocks?

Normally after the laying of sub-base layer of the paving slab/interlocking blocks, a 30mm thick sand bedding is screeded and tamped over the pavement area. Then paving slabs are laid horizontally with joints of 2-3mm wide and are laid in uphill direction. After completing the laying of paving slabs, sand used for filling joints is spread over the surface of the units and brushed into the joints such that all joints are completely filled. The paving slabs are then bedded into final position by using plate vibrators.

The sand layer serves the same purpose of normal blinding layer under concrete structure:

  • Provide a level and flat surface for the paving slab/interlocking blocks to lay on;
  • Protect the foundation (i.e. underground sub-grade and sub-base   layer) against adverse  outside conditions (e.g. bad weather) during   construction of the laying work of paving slab/interlocking blocks.

10. What is the function of longitudinal joints in concrete road pavements?


A longitudinal joint consists of a tie bar placed at the mid-depth of a concrete pavement and it is not intended for joint lateral movement. Then one may doubt the reasons of placing longitudinal joints in concrete pavements. In fact, longitudinal joints are normally designed at a regular spacing e.g. 4.5m to accommodate the effect of differential settlement of pavement foundation.

When uneven settlement occurs, the tie bars in longitudinal joints perform as hinges (Ministry of Transport (1955)) which allow for the settlement of concrete carriageway. Moreover, it also serves to cater for the effect of warping of concrete due to moisture and temperature gradients by permission of a small amount of angular movement to occur so that stresses induced by restrained warping can be avoided.

Dowel bars are provided in longitudinal joints for the following reasons:

  • In case of the occurrence of uneven settlement between adjacent panels, it helps to  maintain a level surface by transfer of loads through dowel bars.
  • Keep the longitudinal joints close.

200 Questions and Answers on Practical Civil Engineering Works - ROAD (1)

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1. How can unreinforced concrete pavement function without mesh reinforcement?


For concrete carriageway, it is normally classified into two types: reinforced and unreinforced concrete pavement. The reinforcement in reinforced carriageway (in the form of mesh) is used for controlling cracking. Then one may query how unreinforced pavement can control cracking without the use of mesh reinforcement. 

To answer this question, one should pay attention to the features of unreinforced concrete pavement. In accordance with Highways Standard Drawing No. H1109, an approximately 3mm wide groove with a depth of about one-third to one-fourth of slab thickness is designed with a regular spacing (normally 5m). 

The grooves are designed to be too narrow for stones to fall into when the cracks are open due to concrete contraction. The sectional area in which the groove is located is a plane of weakness and thus this groove acts a potential crack-inducing device in which any potential cracks due to shrinkage and thermal contraction may form. Consequently, the cracks are formed at the base of the groove and thus it would not cause any unpleasant visual appearance on the exposed surface of unreinforced concrete pavement.
Fig. 6.1 Crack formed in un reinforced concrete pavement.


2. Why are concrete profile barriers designed with curved surface profiles?


Safety fencings are designed to contain vehicles in the carriageway in which they are traveling and prevent them from rebounding into the road and causing hazards. For normal fencing design, when vehicles crash into safety fencings, it will give way so as to absorb as much energy as possible, thus reducing the impact forces on the vehicles. 

Moreover, it serves to realign the vehicles along the carriageway when vehicles hit on them. However, for concrete profile barriers they are not designed to absorb energy during vehicle crashing, but to hold the vehicles hitting on them. 

In this connection, concrete profile barriers are designed with curved profiles so that vehicles can mount and go up partly on them, and yet they will not cause overturning of vehicles. Reference is made to Arthur Wignall, Peter S. Kendrick and Roy Ancil.


For shallow-angle crashing of cars, they would climb on the lower slope face of concrete profile barriers. On the other hand, when a car hits at a large angle to the barrier, the bumper collides with the upper sloping face of concrete profile barrier and the car rides upwards. This provides the uplift of the car whose wheels move up the lower sloping face of the barrier. It is not intended to lift the car too high, otherwise it may result in rolling. Since the friction between the wheels and barriers provide extra lifting forces, it is undesirable to design rough finish on these faces. 

In essence, the kinetic energy of the car during collision is transformed to potential energy during its lifting up on profile barrier and finally converted back to kinetic energy when the car returns to the road.


Note: For details of concrete profile barriers, reference is made to HyD Standard Drawing No. H2101A.


3. Should joints of concrete kerbs be in line with the joints in concrete carriageway?


In normal practice, joints are provided in road kerbs to cater for concrete expansion and contraction. However, the location of joints in kerbs is not arbitrary and they should match with joints in concrete carriageway. Otherwise, it is very likely that cracks may form in concrete kerbs at location of pavement joints (Ministry of Transport (1955)).


4. Why is the slump specified in concrete carriageway comparatively low (30mm) when compared with normal concrete (75mm)?


The slump of concrete carriageway is purposely specified to be a relatively low value, i.e. 30mm. For concrete carriageway, traffic loads directly act on concrete pavement surface and therefore the surface strength is detrimental to its future performance. 

In freshly placed concrete, segregation (may be in the form of bleeding) occurs within the mixture of cement paste and aggregates. The degree of resistance to segregation is related to workability of concrete. If substantial segregation is allowed to take place, then the relatively porous and weak laitance layer will be formed on the carriageway surface and the aggregates will concentrate in the bottom. 

Hence, concrete which has insignificant bleed possesses a stronger surface layer and is more abrasion resistant. Consequently, a small slump value is specified to increase the wearing resistance of concrete and to achieve a suitable surface texture of concrete pavements.


Moreover, a low-slump concrete facilitates the use of slipforms when constructing the concrete pavement. With concrete of a low slump value, it still remains its compacted shape and is not liable to deform when the paving machines go away. However, if a high slump concrete is used instead, the pavement surface would drop and the edges may deform readily.


5. Can all utility detectors detect the depth of utilities?


In Hong Kong, underground utility detectors are normally divided into two types: electromagnetic detector and ground penetrating radar (GPR).


For electromagnetic detector, it can detect the signals emitted by metallic utilities themselves by passive mode. While in active mode, the detector has to pick up the signals through a transmitter and sonda connected directly to the non-metallic utility. Both the alignment and depth can be found in active mode while only alignment can be found in passive mode. The electromagnetic detector available in market can detect utilities up to depth of 3m.


 For ground penetrating radar, it sends radio waves into the ground and receives signals from reflections from utilities. It has the advantage of locating both the depth and alignment of utilities. More importantly, it can detect both metallic and non-metallic utilities. However, it suffers from the disadvantage that it is quite expensive and interpretation of data is not simple. Reference is made to LD, DSD (2000).
 
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